World War I, Technology of war in 1914

The planning and conduct of war in 1914 were crucially influenced by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870 - 71. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun. The modern machine gun, which had been developed in the 1880s and '90s, was a reliable belt-fed gun

Allen, Sir James

Allen was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in 1887, serving as a leader of the opposition from 1892 to 1912. When the Reform Party took

French Literature, Secular drama

The earliest comic plays extant date from the second half of the 13th century. Le Gar�on et

Bradley, James

Bradley was educated

Margaret

Margaret's father was Eric II, king of Norway; her mother, Margaret, a daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland (ruled 1249 - 86), died in 1283. Because none of Alexander III's other children were alive at the time of his death (March 1286), the Scottish

Zomba Massif

Isolated mass of syenite (igneous rock composed chiefly of feldspar) rising from the Shire Highlands, southern Malawi. Occupying an area of about 50 square miles (130 square km), it reaches an elevation of 6,846 feet (2,087 m) in Zomba Peak. Sheer scarps to the east and south drop 2,500 feet (750 m) to the surrounding plains, and the western wall (4,000 feet [1,200 m]) bounds part of the Shire rift valley. The massif is divided

Hertz, Gustav

A nephew of the noted physicist Heinrich Hertz, he studied

Stalactite And Stalagmite

Stalactites hanging from the ceilings of caverns commonly exhibit a central tube or the trace of a former tube whose diameter

Stalactite And Stalagmite

Stalactites hanging from the ceilings of caverns commonly exhibit a central tube or the trace of a former tube whose diameter

Stalactite And Stalagmite

Stalactites hanging from the ceilings of caverns commonly exhibit a central tube or the trace of a former tube whose diameter

Hardanger Plateau

Also called �Vidda� plateau in Hordaland and Buskerud fylker (counties), southwestern Norway. The largest peneplain (an eroded, almost level plain) in Europe, it has an area of about 2,500 square miles (6,500 square km) and an average elevation of 3,500 feet (1,100 m). It has many lakes and rivers, which, draining westward, drop in huge waterfalls such as the V�rings Falls (476 feet). The Oslo - Bergen Railroad and a main east - west

Humanism, The English humanists

Though continental humanists had held court positions since the days of Humphrey

Ascii-type Printing Telegraphs

As embodied in the AT

Polemoniaceae

The tubular, five-lobed, funnel-shaped or flaring

Flanders

The origins of Flanders lay in the pagus Flandrensis, an area composed

Guare, John

Guare, who at age 11 produced his first play for friends and family, was educated at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (B.A., 1960), and at Yale University (M.F.A., 1963). He then began staging short plays, primarily in New York City, where he helped to found the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theatre Playwrights'

Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji

Dudley was of Parsi, Sicilian, and Spanish descent and spent most of his life in England. As a young man he became interested in his father's Parsi

Biblical Literature, Intertestamental literature

Standard translations of the Jewish intertestamental literature are Robert H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English (1913); and Emil Kautzsch (ed.), Die Apocryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (1900). Paul Riessler, Altj�disches Schrifttum ausserhalb der Bibel (1928), is indispensable because it contains translations of the fullest number of writings. The best translations of the Dead Sea Scrolls are Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1962); Johann Maier, Die Texte vom Toten Meer (1960); and Andre Dupont-Sommer, Les �crits ess�niens d�couverts pr�s de la Mer Morte, 3rd ed. (1964). Albert-Marie Denis, Introduction aux Pseud�pigraphes grecs d'Ancien Testament (1970), does not treat the Apocrypha and is important mainly for its bibliography. Basic books dealing with intertestamental literature are R.H. Pfeiffer, History of New Testament Times, with an Introduction to the Apocrypha (1949); Emil Schurer, Geschichte des j�dischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 3rd - 4th ed., 3 vol. (1898 - 1901; Eng. trans., A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, 2nd and rev. ed., 5 vol., 1885 - 91); and Robert H. Charles, Religious Development Between the Old and the New Testaments (1914). Still interesting is Robert Travers Herford, Talmud and Apocrypha (1933, reprinted 1971). Information about the library of the Dead Sea Scrolls is in two books: Jozef T. Milik, Dix Ans de d�couvertes dans le d�sert de Juda (1957; Eng. trans., Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea, 1959); and Frank Moore Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumr�n and Modern Biblical Studies, 2nd ed. (1961). A fragment of Ben Sira from antiquity was published by Yigael Yadin, The Ben Sira Scroll from Masada, with Introduction, Emendations and Commentary (1965). The best book about Jewish eschatology is Paul Volz, Die Eschatologie der j�dischen Gemeinde im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1934). On Apocalyptic and Messianism, see Harold H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic, 3rd ed. (1963); David S. Russell, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, 200 BC - AD 100 (1964); Sigmund Mowinckel, Han som kommer (1951; Eng. trans., He That Cometh, 1954); Erik Sjoberg, Der Menschensohn im �thiopischen Henochbuch (1946); and A.S. Van Der Woude, Die messianischen Vorstellungen der Gemeinde von Qumr�n (1957).

Biblical Literature, Daniel

The Book of Daniel presents a collection of popular stories about Daniel, a loyal Jew, and the record of visions granted to him, with the Babylonian Exile of the 6th century BCE as their background. The book, however, was written in a later time of national crisis - when the Jews were suffering severe persecution under Antiochus IV Epiphanes (reigned 175 - 164/163 BCE), the second Seleucid ruler

Kerr, Sir John Graham

Kerr's scientific education began when he was a student of medicine, but

Hohokam Culture

During the Pioneer period the Hohokam lived in villages

Futurology

In the social sciences, the study of current trends in order to forecast future developments. While the speculative and descriptive aspects of futurology are traceable to the traditions of utopian literature and science fiction, the methodology of the field originated in the �technological forecasting� developed near the end of World War II, of which Toward New

Abdera

In ancient Greece, town on the coast of Thrace near the mouth of the N�stos River. The people of Teos, evacuating Ionia when it was overrun by the Persians under Cyrus (c. 540 BC), succeeded in establishing a colony there that developed a brisk trade with the Thracian interior. Abdera was a prosperous member of the Delian League in the 5th century but was crippled early in the 4th

T'ien

As a god, T'ien is sometimes perceived to be an impersonal power in contrast to Shang-ti (�Supreme Ruler�), but the two are closely identified and the terms frequently used synonymously. Evidence suggests

Crabbe, Buster

Crabbe, who grew up in Hawaii and swam for the University of Southern California, competed at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, winning a bronze medal in the 1,500-metre freestyle and finishing in fourth place in the 400-metre freestyle. At the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, Crabbe

Annulment

Legal invalidation of a marriage. Annulment announces the invalidity of a marriage that was void from its inception. It is to be distinguished from dissolution, which ends a valid marriage for special reasons - e.g., insanity of one partner after marrying. The annulment decree attempts to leave the parties in statu quo ante (as they were before the marriage), unless doing

Elephantine

Arabic �Jazirat Aswan, � island in the Nile opposite Aswan city in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. Elephantine is the Greek name for pharaonic Abu. There the 18th- and 19th-dynasty pharaohs built a large temple to Khnum, the ram god of the cataract region, to his consort, Sati, and to Anuket, goddess of nearby Sehel. To the north stands the Old and Middle Kingdom shrine. Numerous outstanding rock

Merck, Johann Heinrich

After studying law at Giessen, Merck was appointed first a paymaster at Darmstadt and later an official in the war department for the court of Hesse-Darmstadt.

Moray, James Stewart, 2nd Earl Of, Lord Doune

A faithful Protestant, Moray was made commissioner to act against the Spanish Armada (1588) and commissioner to act against the Jesuits (1589 - 90). Because he was a friend and cousin-german of the 5th Earl of Bothwell, then a hunted

Heifetz, Jascha

Heifetz studied violin from age three and at six performed Felix Mendelssohn's Violin