France, History Of, Pepin III the Short

Carloman's entrance into a monastery in 747 reunited Carolingian holdings. Pepin the Short, who had

Akkadian Language

Akkadian spread across an area extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf during the time of Sargon (Akkadian Sharrum-kin) of the Akkad dynasty, who reigned from about 2334 to about 2279 BC. By about 2000 Akkadian had supplanted Sumerian as the spoken language

Melancholia

A mental condition characterized by extreme depression (q.v.) and feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. It is especially a part of manic-depressive psychosis (q.v.).

Dacier, Anne

Anne Dacier was the

Computers, Application software

The availability of BASIC and CP/M enabled more widespread software development. By 1977, a two-person firm called Structured Systems Group started developing a General Ledger program, perhaps the first serious business software, which sold for $995. The company shipped its software in zip-lock bags with a manual, a practice that became common in the industry. General Ledger

Forensic Medicine

The primary tool of forensic medicine has always

Lord's Prayer

Latin �Oratio Dominica, �also called �Pater Noster� (Latin: �Our Father�), prayer taught by Jesus to his disciples, and the principal prayer used by all Christians in common worship. It appears in two forms in the New Testament, the shorter version in Luke 11:2 - 4 and the longer version, part of the Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 6:9 - 13. In both contexts it is offered as a model of how to pray. Many scholars believe the version in Luke to be closer

Koestler, Arthur

Koestler attended the University of Vienna before entering journalism. Serving as a war correspondent for the British newspaper News Chronicle during the Spanish Civil War, Koestler was imprisoned by the fascists,

Tseng-tzu

Tseng-tzu was highly influential in reaffirming the Confucian emphasis on the virtue of hsiao

Polaris

Also called �Alpha Ursae Minoris� Earth's present northern polestar, or North Star, at the end of the �handle� of the so-called Little Dipper in the constellation Ursa Minor. Polaris is actually a triple star, the brighter of two visual components being a spectroscopic binary with a period of about 30 years and a Cepheid variable with a period of about 4 days. Its changes in brightness are too slight to be detected

Sorrel

Any of several hardy perennial herbs of the Polygonaceae, or buckwheat, family that are widely distributed in temperate regions. Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) is a weed that is native to Europe and has become widespread in North America. It is an attractive but troublesome invader that occurs in lawns and gardens as well as meadows and grassy slopes. It sprouts from

Anderson, Poul

Anderson published his first science-fiction story while an undergraduate at the University of Minnesota and became a freelance writer following his graduation with a degree

Anderson, Poul

Anderson published his first science-fiction story while an undergraduate at the University of Minnesota and became a freelance writer following his graduation with a degree

Prestea

Town, Western Region, southwestern Ghana, West Africa, on the west bank of the Ankobra River, about 60 mi (100 km) northwest of Cape coast. It is linked by railroad with Tarkwa and with Sekondi-Takoradi, both to the southeast. Prestea is a centre of trade for the surrounding agricultural region, which produces rice, cassava, corn (maize), taro, and timber. Industries produce beverages,

China, The arts

Conservatism played a dominant role in the arts during the Mongol period. In sponsored arts such as sculpture and ceramics, the Mongols' desire to lay claim to the Chinese Imperial heritage was not complemented by any strong artistic vision of their own, and conservatism meant mere perpetuation. Sung, Liao, and Chin ceramic types were continued, often altered only

Caricature And Cartoon, France

The whole Napoleonic period gave rise to such passion that a school of French caricature was generated,

Tea Ceremony

The ceremony takes place in a tea house (cha-shitsu), which ideally is a small structure detached from the

Port Davey

Inlet of the Indian Ocean, indenting southwestern Tasmania, Australia. It is a glacial fjord, its entrance flanked by Point St. Vincent (north) and Hillyard Island. The inlet comprises two main arms, the shorter extending north to form Payne Bay and the other stretching 20 miles (32 km) east along Bathurst Channel to Bathurst Harbour. Passed in 1798 by the British explorer Matthew

Antigonus I Monophthalmus

Also called �Antigonus I Cyclops � Macedonian general under Alexander the Great who founded the Macedonian dynasty of the Antigonids (306 - 168 BC), becoming king in 306. An exceptional strategist and combat leader, he was also an astute ruler who cultivated the friendship of Athens and other Greek city-states.

Oradea

One of the first feudal states in the area, a principality ruled by Prince Menumorut in the 9th - 10th centuries, was centred on a citadel

Moravian Church

Protestant church founded in the 18th century but tracing its origin to the Unitas Fratrum (�Unity of Brethren�) of the 15th-century Hussite movement in Bohemia and Moravia.

�st� Nad Labem

German �Aussig, � capital, Severocesk� kraj (region), northwestern Czech Republic. It is a port on the left (west) bank of the Elbe (Labe) River at the latter's confluence with the B�lina River. Although dating from the 10th century, the city has developed mainly since the 19th century and has been largely reconstructed since World War II. Its western outskirts mark the limit of the north Bohemian

Kornberg, Arthur

At the U.S. National Institutes of Health,

Switzerland, Government

The Swiss Confederation consists of some 3,000 communes, which, like the 26 cantons (including six demi-cantons, or Halbkantone, which function as full cantons), are largely autonomous; they range in size from Bagnes in Valais, with an area of 109 square miles (282 square km), to Ponte Tresa in Ticino, with an area of 0.1 square mile (0.3 square km). From the multiplicity of small communal republics

Hurley, Patrick J(ay)

Beginning the practice of law in Oklahoma (1908), Hurley served as a colonel in the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. During the 1920s he became active in Republican Party politics,

Hurley, Patrick J(ay)

Beginning the practice of law in Oklahoma (1908), Hurley served as a colonel in the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. During the 1920s he became active in Republican Party politics,

Lipid

Any of a diverse group of organic compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Lipids are greasy to the touch and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, and other organic solvents. Lipids comprise one of the three large classes of foods and, with proteins and carbohydrates, are components of all living cells. The proportion of lipids in foodstuffs

Nabha

City, southeastern Punjab state, northwestern India. It is located some 16 miles (26 km) west and slightly north of Patiala. Nabha (founded 1755) was the capital of the princely state of Nabha, established in 1763 and composed of 12 scattered territories claimed by a member of the Sikh Phulkian family. In 1807 - 08 the raja gained British protection against threatened encroachments by Ranjit Singh.

Probus, Marcus Aurelius

The son of a Balkan military officer, Probus served with distinction in the army and apparently was eastern praetorian prefect when his troops proclaimed him emperor in opposition to Florian, who was soon killed by his own men. Probus' reign was spent in continual frontier warfare against hostile tribes on the Rhine and Danube, complicated